6/3/07 – 6/9/07
by C. Zaitz
It is my opinion that summertime is the very best time for evening sky watching, whether you are a casual looker, an interested observer or a hard-core “Messier object” junkie. I’ve been all three at various times, but summer is the time when we can spend more quality time outside at night, gazing upward, finding your “fix” in the stars. Beyond knowing the constellations, if you really want to get to know the universe, finding Messier objects is a good way to do it. (Messier doesn’t refer to the chaos of the sky, it’s the last name of French astronomer Charles Messi “ay.”)
Monsieur Messier was an observational astronomer at the end of the 18th century who was very interested in finding new comets. This was a popular past time for an astronomer seeking to be immortalized by getting a comet named after him. However, Messier was annoyed with the countless fuzzy clouds in space that were easily confused with fuzzy comets. Messier catalogued over 100 “nebulae,” which were thought to be some sort of cloud within the galaxy. He hoped to save himself and other comet hunters the confusion of wondering if the faint fuzzy was indeed a fame-inducing object, or merely another “cloud.”
The existence of other galaxies beyond the Milky Way was not known until William Herschel and others continued cataloguing the fuzzy objects. The Herschel General Catalogue of Nebulae, listing over 5,000 objects, gave way to the New General Catalogue (NGC) in 1888, which contained nearly 8,000. Soon their true nature became clear- these clouds were not of the Milky Way at all, but each a separate “island universe” like our own. And Messier’s catalogue of galaxies, nebulae and supernovae remnants gave him more fame than any comet would have. Amateur astronomers world-over know of Messier and his wonderful catalogue of deep space objects. The NGC does not immortalize its author, but contains Messier objects as well as many more interesting destinations for the observer with time and telescope on hand.
The summer skies hold many Messier objects, known by their “M” number. Many of them have very pretty nicknames. For example, M57 is the Ring Nebula, M101 is the Pinwheel Galaxy and M104 is the Sombrero Galaxy. Other nick names are not so lovely; such as the Blackeye galaxy (M64), the Crab Nebula (M1), and the Dumbbell Nebula (M27). Cute name or not, one of the most beautiful sights to see in the late spring and summer is M13, the lovely globular cluster of stars in Hercules. A globular cluster is a tightly packed group of older stars. In M13 there are estimated to be over a million stars in a sphere of space about 100 light years across. You can see the Hercules cluster with binoculars, but it truly is best seen through a telescope.
M57, the Ring Nebula in Lyra is also a pretty sight in a telescope. It is the first planetary nebula ever discovered. It looks like an ethereal smoke ring in the black sky, but it is the outer shells of a dying star, suffering the same fate as will our sun, in some 5 billion years.
There are many more such objects within view of a typical amateur telescope, and summer amateur group star parties are the best way to see these sights, and to get to know those folks who can help you discover the universe of Messier deep space objects.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, May 29, 2007
Wednesday, May 23, 2007
Magnetism
5/27/07 – 6/2/07
by C. Zaitz
The earth is cooling. It had to. When it formed some 4.6 billion years ago, it was way too hot for any life to form. In fact, it’s taken a lot of time to cool enough for rhinos and beavers and gazelles to be able to roam freely without burning their hooves and paws and giant feet. Much of earth’s history has been spent cooling and changing into the planet we know and love. Unfortunately, earth doesn’t know and love us. It keeps changing, whether or not the life forms occupying its surface can survive it or not. It cares not whether its atmosphere grows thick or thin, whether its waters are pure, or if its movements will disrupt the parasites on its edge.
We know that huge volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can cause widespread destruction. They are caused by the movement of the plates of crust and mantle. Deeper within the earth lies the mechanism for creating an invisible shield, a barrier against the killing radiation from the sun. The earth has a fairly strong magnetic field, created and maintained by the movements of its liquid metallic outer core. The field extends out into space like a giant protective web. We have learned about the nature of our magnetic field from looking at the bottom of the ocean at the mid-Atlantic ridge. As magma flows out from the crack between two separating tectonic plates, little bits of magnetic material align in the direction of earth’s magnetic field. It hardens and the magnetic record is solidified. We can read the ocean floor like a book, and it’s telling us that over time the magnetic field of the earth changes. Sometimes it is aligned as it is now, but other times it’s completely switched. The north magnetic pole is sometimes in the southern hemisphere! What’s nerve-wracking is that while it’s switching, it can weaken and be non-existent for awhile. Our mid-Atlantic story book is telling us that it may be time for another switch. Or even more harrowing, as the earth cools and the outer core solidifies, the magnetic field may disappear forever.
Though we don’t often notice the effects of the magnetic field in our daily lives, it does provide an invisible barrier from the harsher radiation from the sun. We’re all familiar with the northern lights, which are caused by high energy solar radiation interacting with our atmosphere, spiraling in along the magnetic field lines near the poles. But what we’re not aware of is the daily bombardment of high energy particles from the sun that are deflected away from us. Without our magnetic field, we would be exposed to much more radiation than we’re used to, and it could be very harmful to all life forms on earth.
Between earth’s mantle and the cold, stark emptiness of outer space, lie the layers of geology that hold our history. Creatures have come and gone in the 3 billion year history of life on earth. It started with single celled organisms and has proliferated in the multifarious beings of today. But the creatures that were around 100 million years ago are not necessarily the ones we see now. Life has changed, often in big sweeping changes caused by the earth itself. Our magnetic field may be an important part of the plot of how life on earth changes, and we may be in store for the next chapter in the book. I hope it has a happy ending!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
The earth is cooling. It had to. When it formed some 4.6 billion years ago, it was way too hot for any life to form. In fact, it’s taken a lot of time to cool enough for rhinos and beavers and gazelles to be able to roam freely without burning their hooves and paws and giant feet. Much of earth’s history has been spent cooling and changing into the planet we know and love. Unfortunately, earth doesn’t know and love us. It keeps changing, whether or not the life forms occupying its surface can survive it or not. It cares not whether its atmosphere grows thick or thin, whether its waters are pure, or if its movements will disrupt the parasites on its edge.
We know that huge volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can cause widespread destruction. They are caused by the movement of the plates of crust and mantle. Deeper within the earth lies the mechanism for creating an invisible shield, a barrier against the killing radiation from the sun. The earth has a fairly strong magnetic field, created and maintained by the movements of its liquid metallic outer core. The field extends out into space like a giant protective web. We have learned about the nature of our magnetic field from looking at the bottom of the ocean at the mid-Atlantic ridge. As magma flows out from the crack between two separating tectonic plates, little bits of magnetic material align in the direction of earth’s magnetic field. It hardens and the magnetic record is solidified. We can read the ocean floor like a book, and it’s telling us that over time the magnetic field of the earth changes. Sometimes it is aligned as it is now, but other times it’s completely switched. The north magnetic pole is sometimes in the southern hemisphere! What’s nerve-wracking is that while it’s switching, it can weaken and be non-existent for awhile. Our mid-Atlantic story book is telling us that it may be time for another switch. Or even more harrowing, as the earth cools and the outer core solidifies, the magnetic field may disappear forever.
Though we don’t often notice the effects of the magnetic field in our daily lives, it does provide an invisible barrier from the harsher radiation from the sun. We’re all familiar with the northern lights, which are caused by high energy solar radiation interacting with our atmosphere, spiraling in along the magnetic field lines near the poles. But what we’re not aware of is the daily bombardment of high energy particles from the sun that are deflected away from us. Without our magnetic field, we would be exposed to much more radiation than we’re used to, and it could be very harmful to all life forms on earth.
Between earth’s mantle and the cold, stark emptiness of outer space, lie the layers of geology that hold our history. Creatures have come and gone in the 3 billion year history of life on earth. It started with single celled organisms and has proliferated in the multifarious beings of today. But the creatures that were around 100 million years ago are not necessarily the ones we see now. Life has changed, often in big sweeping changes caused by the earth itself. Our magnetic field may be an important part of the plot of how life on earth changes, and we may be in store for the next chapter in the book. I hope it has a happy ending!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, May 15, 2007
The Short and the Long
5/21/07 – 5/27/07
by C. Zaitz
I just had one of those milestone birthdays- you know, the ones that are supposed to be more special than the rest because the number is getting so high that you have to celebrate just being alive. It made me think of the age of things. Biologically, things happen on a pretty short time scale. 70-80 years is not that long when you take into consideration how long rocks live. In astronomy we talk about ages of stars, in geology we talk about the ages of rocks and planets. In human lifescales, those numbers are incomprehensible. We have no feeling for how long it takes a rock to form, much less a star. It seems like eternity to wait for your tomatoes to ripen or for your hair to grow out after a bad cut!
Though humans have a relatively short lifespan, we are still around long enough to watch things grow and develop, die and transform. Plants and animals live in our time scale, though we marvel at the 2,000 year old sequoias and ancient cedars. But things we think of as everlasting, like rocks or stars, are not eternal. All rocks move through a cycle, from being sand sediments on the surface, to being metamorphised as the pressure of layers upon layers of rock change its character, to suffering the igneous fate of melted rocks, turning into magma and reforming on the surface as lava basalt, only to be worn away again as sand and sediment. Eons pass and the dirt just keeps changing form, nothing destroyed or created, but morphing from one form to another.
The same thing happens with stars. Our sun was once diffuse gas and dust, our own planet not more than a breath of cosmic debris, sprinkled with rare elements fused in the death throes of an ancestor star. Gravity and pressure brought everything around, and our solar system will go for at least as long as it already has, some 4.5 billion years. Then it will die, only to form something new in the next “billenia.” Will it be something completely different? A double star or part of a new open cluster of stars? Or maybe a familiar life-harboring solar system?
We happen to be living in a very particular time when we as a species can begin to understand all the cycles of life and death around us. How unique and incredible for us. It’s not surprising we’re so curious about the universe, since we see our own selves reflected in the life cycles, in the growing and dying of everything around us. I think we study these cycles to try to understand what happens when we, too, die. Will we be born again in some “next cycle?”
From an old southern banjo tune:
Little birdie, little birdie,
come sing to me your song.
I've a short while to be here,
and a long time to be gone.
Little birdie, little birdie,
What makes you fly so high?
It’s because I am a true little bird
and I do not fare to die.
I guess I like to think that nothing really goes away. We all get older and will all die, but even black holes give up their dead eventually. Nothing seems to be destroyed, and it all comes back around again, sometimes in the near future, like perennial flowers, and sometimes in the long run, like planets with life.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
I just had one of those milestone birthdays- you know, the ones that are supposed to be more special than the rest because the number is getting so high that you have to celebrate just being alive. It made me think of the age of things. Biologically, things happen on a pretty short time scale. 70-80 years is not that long when you take into consideration how long rocks live. In astronomy we talk about ages of stars, in geology we talk about the ages of rocks and planets. In human lifescales, those numbers are incomprehensible. We have no feeling for how long it takes a rock to form, much less a star. It seems like eternity to wait for your tomatoes to ripen or for your hair to grow out after a bad cut!
Though humans have a relatively short lifespan, we are still around long enough to watch things grow and develop, die and transform. Plants and animals live in our time scale, though we marvel at the 2,000 year old sequoias and ancient cedars. But things we think of as everlasting, like rocks or stars, are not eternal. All rocks move through a cycle, from being sand sediments on the surface, to being metamorphised as the pressure of layers upon layers of rock change its character, to suffering the igneous fate of melted rocks, turning into magma and reforming on the surface as lava basalt, only to be worn away again as sand and sediment. Eons pass and the dirt just keeps changing form, nothing destroyed or created, but morphing from one form to another.
The same thing happens with stars. Our sun was once diffuse gas and dust, our own planet not more than a breath of cosmic debris, sprinkled with rare elements fused in the death throes of an ancestor star. Gravity and pressure brought everything around, and our solar system will go for at least as long as it already has, some 4.5 billion years. Then it will die, only to form something new in the next “billenia.” Will it be something completely different? A double star or part of a new open cluster of stars? Or maybe a familiar life-harboring solar system?
We happen to be living in a very particular time when we as a species can begin to understand all the cycles of life and death around us. How unique and incredible for us. It’s not surprising we’re so curious about the universe, since we see our own selves reflected in the life cycles, in the growing and dying of everything around us. I think we study these cycles to try to understand what happens when we, too, die. Will we be born again in some “next cycle?”
From an old southern banjo tune:
Little birdie, little birdie,
come sing to me your song.
I've a short while to be here,
and a long time to be gone.
Little birdie, little birdie,
What makes you fly so high?
It’s because I am a true little bird
and I do not fare to die.
I guess I like to think that nothing really goes away. We all get older and will all die, but even black holes give up their dead eventually. Nothing seems to be destroyed, and it all comes back around again, sometimes in the near future, like perennial flowers, and sometimes in the long run, like planets with life.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, May 09, 2007
A Weighty Subject
5/13/07 – 5/20/07
by C. Zaitz
My husband recently lost about 35 pounds due to having a very overactive thyroid gland. After an intense potion of radiation, it calmed down, so we started going back to the gym for workouts. He picked up a 35 pound weight and gave it to me to feel how much weight he’d lost. It seemed very heavy, but he carried it around for years. I started to think about weight and how we measure it, and how hard it is to lose it.
Weight is a combination of how much gravity pulls down on us, and how much “us” there is. Often in everyday life we confuse “mass” and “weight.” Mass is an intrinsic property of something, measured in pounds or kilograms. It’s how much “stuff” there is. If our mass was 150 kg on earth, it would still be 150 kg on the moon. But we wouldn’t weigh as much there, because the moon has much less gravity than earth. To get our weight, we would have to multiply our mass by how much gravity our “ground” has. Since we all live on earth and have nearly the same amount of gravity tugging on us, we forget the fact that weight and mass are different things.
Interestingly, if there were no floor or surface to stand on, you wouldn’t feel weight at all. If the floor wasn’t “pushing” back on you as hard as gravity is pulling you toward the center of the earth, you would just fall in, feeling no weight at all. This is “free fall” or “weightlessness.” It’s hard to do on earth, but the astronauts in orbit are very familiar with it. The astronauts and the space station might not have any “weight” in orbit, but they certainly have mass, which takes energy to move. That’s why it takes a lot of fuel to move stuff around even in “weightlessness.”
The fun comes when we figure out how much we’d weigh on other planets. Which would you choose, big planet or small? A 150 pound person would weigh 57 pounds on Mars. On the moon, you’d weigh a mere 25 pounds. But things get weird when you go to one of the giant, gassy planets. You’d think a mammoth planet like Saturn, a planet that could engulf earth 760 times, would have an enormous amount gravity. It does, but the farther you get from the center, the force of gravity lessens exponentially. Saturn has about 95 times more mass than earth, but its radius is 9.4 times that of earth. The math works out that on the “surface” or visible gassy outer atmosphere of Saturn, you would weigh approximately what you do on earth. The same is true of Neptune and Uranus. Jupiter is the most massive planet, 318 times more than earth, but its radius is over 11 times earth’s. Its surface gravity turns out to be about 2.5 times that of earth’s. Our 150 pound person would only weigh 375 pounds on Jupiter. Not bad for the biggest planet of them all. On Saturn, this same person would weigh a svelte 137 pounds. So you can actually “lose” weight by going to Saturn. Not to mention the weight you’d lose by eating freeze-dried peas for the three years it would take to get there.
If you’d like to check your own weight on the planets, you can go to: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html to plan your weight loss/gain itinerary.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
My husband recently lost about 35 pounds due to having a very overactive thyroid gland. After an intense potion of radiation, it calmed down, so we started going back to the gym for workouts. He picked up a 35 pound weight and gave it to me to feel how much weight he’d lost. It seemed very heavy, but he carried it around for years. I started to think about weight and how we measure it, and how hard it is to lose it.
Weight is a combination of how much gravity pulls down on us, and how much “us” there is. Often in everyday life we confuse “mass” and “weight.” Mass is an intrinsic property of something, measured in pounds or kilograms. It’s how much “stuff” there is. If our mass was 150 kg on earth, it would still be 150 kg on the moon. But we wouldn’t weigh as much there, because the moon has much less gravity than earth. To get our weight, we would have to multiply our mass by how much gravity our “ground” has. Since we all live on earth and have nearly the same amount of gravity tugging on us, we forget the fact that weight and mass are different things.
Interestingly, if there were no floor or surface to stand on, you wouldn’t feel weight at all. If the floor wasn’t “pushing” back on you as hard as gravity is pulling you toward the center of the earth, you would just fall in, feeling no weight at all. This is “free fall” or “weightlessness.” It’s hard to do on earth, but the astronauts in orbit are very familiar with it. The astronauts and the space station might not have any “weight” in orbit, but they certainly have mass, which takes energy to move. That’s why it takes a lot of fuel to move stuff around even in “weightlessness.”
The fun comes when we figure out how much we’d weigh on other planets. Which would you choose, big planet or small? A 150 pound person would weigh 57 pounds on Mars. On the moon, you’d weigh a mere 25 pounds. But things get weird when you go to one of the giant, gassy planets. You’d think a mammoth planet like Saturn, a planet that could engulf earth 760 times, would have an enormous amount gravity. It does, but the farther you get from the center, the force of gravity lessens exponentially. Saturn has about 95 times more mass than earth, but its radius is 9.4 times that of earth. The math works out that on the “surface” or visible gassy outer atmosphere of Saturn, you would weigh approximately what you do on earth. The same is true of Neptune and Uranus. Jupiter is the most massive planet, 318 times more than earth, but its radius is over 11 times earth’s. Its surface gravity turns out to be about 2.5 times that of earth’s. Our 150 pound person would only weigh 375 pounds on Jupiter. Not bad for the biggest planet of them all. On Saturn, this same person would weigh a svelte 137 pounds. So you can actually “lose” weight by going to Saturn. Not to mention the weight you’d lose by eating freeze-dried peas for the three years it would take to get there.
If you’d like to check your own weight on the planets, you can go to: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html to plan your weight loss/gain itinerary.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, May 02, 2007
Saturn in Leo
5/6/07 – 5/12/07
by C. Zaitz
Sometimes I take comfort in the thought that, as crazy as life gets here on earth, the planets are making their planetary journeys ‘round the sun in their own time. Each planet has its own pace, and the slowest, calmest naked-eye planet is Saturn. Right now Saturn is passing in front of the constellation Leo. Some folks say that this fact can be life altering.
For fun I looked up what astrologers have to say about the planet Saturn being “in” Leo. Because Saturn orbits so slowly, it spends more than two years in any one of the zodiac constellations. Saturn was the god of change, of destroying the old to make way for the new, so astrologers say. In his modern personification, he’s a teacher, and his tests are often difficult and life changing.
Astrologically, people born when the sun was “in” Leo tend to be leaders, and very involved with ego. So to have such a “destructive” planet in Leo seems to spell disaster for the top cats. But astrologers also say that if you are willing, Saturn’s life-changing presence can open up new doors and clean your inner house. That’s a lot of deep advice from the distant gas planet and the even more distant, boiling hot gas stars that make up the constellation of Leo. Recently I showed Leo to some 4th graders. They said that Leo looks like a smiley face or a pony or a balloon. This is not a very distinguished description of Leo, but nevertheless, kind of true. In general, constellations like Hercules or Sagittarius look nothing like a giant hero or a centaur. So to assign such lofty characteristics to a group of stars scattered through space is amusing to me. Of course, it’s crafty humans that come up with the characteristics, the shapes and the connections. And it’s searching humans that read their horoscopes and make connections with their own lives. It’s kind of interesting that not only do planets reflect sunlight back to us, but they reflect our own hopes and dreams, problems and possible solutions, back to us from afar.
As far as Saturn being “in” a constellation, right now is about 8 times the distance from the earth to the sun. It takes light about and hour and half to reach us from Saturn. Stars are much farther away. The brightest star in Leo, Regulus, is nearly 80 light years away from us. The planet actually moves “in front of” the stars of the constellation as it orbits, but it sounds more mysterious and inviting to say Saturn is “in” Leo, especially if you call that part of the sky a “house.”
If you want to see Saturn in Leo, look toward the south after sunset, about halfway up the sky, and look for the “sickle” or the backwards question mark shape of stars. That is the front part of Leo, if we imagine the round sickle blade as his head and golden mane. Saturn will be just to the right or west of the sickle. This spring, Saturn’s rings are prettily displayed for anyone with a telescope. Whether or not Saturn brings life altering events for you, you can still let the beauty of the reflected light dazzle your eyes and your mind. And that can be life altering as well, especially if it moves you to use the credit card to buy a new telescope!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
Sometimes I take comfort in the thought that, as crazy as life gets here on earth, the planets are making their planetary journeys ‘round the sun in their own time. Each planet has its own pace, and the slowest, calmest naked-eye planet is Saturn. Right now Saturn is passing in front of the constellation Leo. Some folks say that this fact can be life altering.
For fun I looked up what astrologers have to say about the planet Saturn being “in” Leo. Because Saturn orbits so slowly, it spends more than two years in any one of the zodiac constellations. Saturn was the god of change, of destroying the old to make way for the new, so astrologers say. In his modern personification, he’s a teacher, and his tests are often difficult and life changing.
Astrologically, people born when the sun was “in” Leo tend to be leaders, and very involved with ego. So to have such a “destructive” planet in Leo seems to spell disaster for the top cats. But astrologers also say that if you are willing, Saturn’s life-changing presence can open up new doors and clean your inner house. That’s a lot of deep advice from the distant gas planet and the even more distant, boiling hot gas stars that make up the constellation of Leo. Recently I showed Leo to some 4th graders. They said that Leo looks like a smiley face or a pony or a balloon. This is not a very distinguished description of Leo, but nevertheless, kind of true. In general, constellations like Hercules or Sagittarius look nothing like a giant hero or a centaur. So to assign such lofty characteristics to a group of stars scattered through space is amusing to me. Of course, it’s crafty humans that come up with the characteristics, the shapes and the connections. And it’s searching humans that read their horoscopes and make connections with their own lives. It’s kind of interesting that not only do planets reflect sunlight back to us, but they reflect our own hopes and dreams, problems and possible solutions, back to us from afar.
As far as Saturn being “in” a constellation, right now is about 8 times the distance from the earth to the sun. It takes light about and hour and half to reach us from Saturn. Stars are much farther away. The brightest star in Leo, Regulus, is nearly 80 light years away from us. The planet actually moves “in front of” the stars of the constellation as it orbits, but it sounds more mysterious and inviting to say Saturn is “in” Leo, especially if you call that part of the sky a “house.”
If you want to see Saturn in Leo, look toward the south after sunset, about halfway up the sky, and look for the “sickle” or the backwards question mark shape of stars. That is the front part of Leo, if we imagine the round sickle blade as his head and golden mane. Saturn will be just to the right or west of the sickle. This spring, Saturn’s rings are prettily displayed for anyone with a telescope. Whether or not Saturn brings life altering events for you, you can still let the beauty of the reflected light dazzle your eyes and your mind. And that can be life altering as well, especially if it moves you to use the credit card to buy a new telescope!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, April 25, 2007
Goldilocks Planets
4/29/07 – 5/5/07
by C. Zaitz
The news is that astronomers have found a new planet orbiting a distant star. Astronomers have been finding planets in distant solar systems for decades, but usually the planets they discover are huge, more like Jupiter on steroids than anything earth-like. With better telescopes and more research, we are beginning to see the smaller planets. One in particular is being heralded as a “Goldilocks” planet, not too big, not too small, nor too cold, nor too hot. A “just right” planet that could possibly harbor liquid water, pretty sunsets, or even life. At least that’s the theory.
Sometimes we refer to our neighboring planets as having the “Goldilocks syndrome.” Mars and Venus are our cosmic neighbors, and together, we three planets all orbit within a distance from the sun called the “habitable zone,” where the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface is conducive for reasonable temperatures. So why did earth alone develop life, so prolifically and thoroughly that not even cataclysmic events could completely wipe it out? And what went wrong with our neighbors?
Venus is a study in what can go wrong with a nice planet. Venus and earth have plenty in common. They are very close in size, composition and their distance from the sun. However, Venus ended up with a very big problem: a runaway greenhouse effect. The effect of atmosphere trapping solar radiation and making a planet warmer than it should be is common- earth and Mars also have it. However, perhaps because it gets more solar radiation or because it had more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, Venus is in a vicious cycle where its thick clouds trap nearly all the sunlight coming in. It simply cannot cool itself off. As we raise the level of certain gasses in our own atmosphere, we run the risk of having our greenhouse effect go astray. The current warming trend of our planet is a giant red flag that we are indeed starting a process that we would not be able to stop, much less reverse.
Mars, due to its further distance from the sun or its diminutive size, has too little atmosphere, and thus too little greenhouse effect. It is too cold on the surface of Mars for water to exist in liquid form, so it ended up a dry, cold desert-like planet. We know that Mars once was warmer and are convinced that water used to flow, but unless the conditions are just right, a planet goes awry and climate changes ensue.
The newly discovered Goldilocks planet is orbiting a red dwarf star called Gliese 581, about 20 light years away. The planet is heavier than earth, with a rocky surface and most likely liquid water. That’s a lot of information about this planet, since the data they gathered is mostly about how Gliese 581 wobbles. From this wobble, astronomers can glean information about what is going around the star to make it wobble. They infer size, distance, and even composition from the wobble. They have surmised that Gliese’s planet may be very much like earth, perhaps a “just right” place where water and life could exist. However, as we look at our neighboring planets, we see a lot of variation in a planet’s fate. It will be interesting to learn more about these extra-solar planets. Even if we don’t find life, perhaps we will find answers to how planets behave, giving us insight to our own problems and possible solutions.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
The news is that astronomers have found a new planet orbiting a distant star. Astronomers have been finding planets in distant solar systems for decades, but usually the planets they discover are huge, more like Jupiter on steroids than anything earth-like. With better telescopes and more research, we are beginning to see the smaller planets. One in particular is being heralded as a “Goldilocks” planet, not too big, not too small, nor too cold, nor too hot. A “just right” planet that could possibly harbor liquid water, pretty sunsets, or even life. At least that’s the theory.
Sometimes we refer to our neighboring planets as having the “Goldilocks syndrome.” Mars and Venus are our cosmic neighbors, and together, we three planets all orbit within a distance from the sun called the “habitable zone,” where the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface is conducive for reasonable temperatures. So why did earth alone develop life, so prolifically and thoroughly that not even cataclysmic events could completely wipe it out? And what went wrong with our neighbors?
Venus is a study in what can go wrong with a nice planet. Venus and earth have plenty in common. They are very close in size, composition and their distance from the sun. However, Venus ended up with a very big problem: a runaway greenhouse effect. The effect of atmosphere trapping solar radiation and making a planet warmer than it should be is common- earth and Mars also have it. However, perhaps because it gets more solar radiation or because it had more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, Venus is in a vicious cycle where its thick clouds trap nearly all the sunlight coming in. It simply cannot cool itself off. As we raise the level of certain gasses in our own atmosphere, we run the risk of having our greenhouse effect go astray. The current warming trend of our planet is a giant red flag that we are indeed starting a process that we would not be able to stop, much less reverse.
Mars, due to its further distance from the sun or its diminutive size, has too little atmosphere, and thus too little greenhouse effect. It is too cold on the surface of Mars for water to exist in liquid form, so it ended up a dry, cold desert-like planet. We know that Mars once was warmer and are convinced that water used to flow, but unless the conditions are just right, a planet goes awry and climate changes ensue.
The newly discovered Goldilocks planet is orbiting a red dwarf star called Gliese 581, about 20 light years away. The planet is heavier than earth, with a rocky surface and most likely liquid water. That’s a lot of information about this planet, since the data they gathered is mostly about how Gliese 581 wobbles. From this wobble, astronomers can glean information about what is going around the star to make it wobble. They infer size, distance, and even composition from the wobble. They have surmised that Gliese’s planet may be very much like earth, perhaps a “just right” place where water and life could exist. However, as we look at our neighboring planets, we see a lot of variation in a planet’s fate. It will be interesting to learn more about these extra-solar planets. Even if we don’t find life, perhaps we will find answers to how planets behave, giving us insight to our own problems and possible solutions.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, April 24, 2007
Super Massive Black Holes
4/22/07 – 4/28/07
by C. Zaitz
One of the more eyebrow-raising bits of gossip heard in astronomy circles is that most galaxies, even our own, contain a super massive black hole at their cores. A super massive black hole is much heavier than a garden variety stellar black hole, which can weigh as little as one and a half suns or as much as 14 suns. That may not sound spectacular, but a black hole with the mass of 10 suns could fit into the city of Detroit. The mass of a black hole is directly related to its size, so the heavier it is, the bigger it is. But how massive is super massive?
The monster black holes we find in the centers of galaxies tend to range in mass from a hundred thousands suns to tens of billions of suns. Some scientists suggest that they started out the same way stellar-sized holes do, but over long periods of time grew larger and larger from consuming the available material in the center of the galaxy. It seems more likely that these black holes, like the one in the middle of our galaxy, formed from a large cloud of collapsing gas, creating a massive central star, some hundreds of thousands of solar masses, which then collapsed (with no supernova) to form a gigantic black hole. Since that time it has been eating everything close enough to be drawn in. Don’t worry, though; we are very, very far from the center of our galaxy, and not in the least affected by it.
We noted that the mass of the hole is directly related to its size, but it turns out that the density of a black hole is inversely related to its mass. The bigger the original star, the less dense it needs to be to become a black hole. Super massive black holes can actually be about as dense as water, since they are so very massive. And the event horizon, the place beyond which we lose sight of you as you swirl in, is so far from the singularity at the center that a trip into the super massive black hole would take enough time to allow you to ponder your fate. In fact, scientists think that the tidal forces normally so very strong near a black hole, strong enough to “spaghettify” you (your atoms are ripped into a long strand of you as you twirl into the hole) are not so strong near the really massive black holes. So your trip into it might be somewhat non-eventful, if not pleasant. That is, if you were to be so foolish to be near such a black hole. Lest we forget, there are many dangerous things about black holes, not the least of which is the torrent of X-rays and gamma rays flooding out of the accretion disk. This is the plate of material feeding into the black hole, and it really does look like a big, gassy plate, serving up the special of the day.
If you’d like to try to see the black hole at the center of our galaxy, you will have to imagine it, for it’s shrouded by millions of stars, clouds of gas and dark nebula forming a curtain in front of it. Even if there was no curtain, you’d still be hard pressed to see it, since no light can escape their gravitational pull, making them earn their nefarious reputations of the invisible gas-eating monsters in space.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
One of the more eyebrow-raising bits of gossip heard in astronomy circles is that most galaxies, even our own, contain a super massive black hole at their cores. A super massive black hole is much heavier than a garden variety stellar black hole, which can weigh as little as one and a half suns or as much as 14 suns. That may not sound spectacular, but a black hole with the mass of 10 suns could fit into the city of Detroit. The mass of a black hole is directly related to its size, so the heavier it is, the bigger it is. But how massive is super massive?
The monster black holes we find in the centers of galaxies tend to range in mass from a hundred thousands suns to tens of billions of suns. Some scientists suggest that they started out the same way stellar-sized holes do, but over long periods of time grew larger and larger from consuming the available material in the center of the galaxy. It seems more likely that these black holes, like the one in the middle of our galaxy, formed from a large cloud of collapsing gas, creating a massive central star, some hundreds of thousands of solar masses, which then collapsed (with no supernova) to form a gigantic black hole. Since that time it has been eating everything close enough to be drawn in. Don’t worry, though; we are very, very far from the center of our galaxy, and not in the least affected by it.
We noted that the mass of the hole is directly related to its size, but it turns out that the density of a black hole is inversely related to its mass. The bigger the original star, the less dense it needs to be to become a black hole. Super massive black holes can actually be about as dense as water, since they are so very massive. And the event horizon, the place beyond which we lose sight of you as you swirl in, is so far from the singularity at the center that a trip into the super massive black hole would take enough time to allow you to ponder your fate. In fact, scientists think that the tidal forces normally so very strong near a black hole, strong enough to “spaghettify” you (your atoms are ripped into a long strand of you as you twirl into the hole) are not so strong near the really massive black holes. So your trip into it might be somewhat non-eventful, if not pleasant. That is, if you were to be so foolish to be near such a black hole. Lest we forget, there are many dangerous things about black holes, not the least of which is the torrent of X-rays and gamma rays flooding out of the accretion disk. This is the plate of material feeding into the black hole, and it really does look like a big, gassy plate, serving up the special of the day.
If you’d like to try to see the black hole at the center of our galaxy, you will have to imagine it, for it’s shrouded by millions of stars, clouds of gas and dark nebula forming a curtain in front of it. Even if there was no curtain, you’d still be hard pressed to see it, since no light can escape their gravitational pull, making them earn their nefarious reputations of the invisible gas-eating monsters in space.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, April 11, 2007
Black, Black Holes
4/15/07 – 4/21/07
by C. Zaitz
One of the strangest, most compelling objects in the universe are black holes. The idea that something can be so powerful, so destructive, and yet invisible to us is very compelling. Ever since they were first speculated to exist, we have been searching the skies for the invisible monsters, the star-eating, gas-sucking anomalies of nature.
At first, it was very hard to find black holes. You have to get creative; you have to find something that the black hole is affecting. It’s like looking for the skunk that gets into your garbage every night. You can’t see it; it’s dark and you’re looking in the night, but skunks certainly leave clues behind. So we try to “sniff out” black holes, and look for the destruction they cause.
One of the best indicators of the presence of a black hole is a binary star system that emits X-rays. Binary star systems are quite common in the galaxy, and it turns out that often, one star is much bigger than the other. Big stars, like Elvis, tend to burn very brightly and burn out quickly. When massive stars die, they often become black holes. The companion star still orbits the “hole” left behind, but if material from the companion star happens to get too close to the black hole, it will get swirled in and “eaten,” streaming out X-rays as tidal forces ionize the infalling gas. We see the X-rays, and can begin to pinpoint the black hole.
There are different sizes of black holes, but the most familiar are the ones that come from big stars, like the star in the shoulder of Orion called Betelgeuse (commonly pronounced “beetle-juice” to the delight of untold numbers of elementary students.) Betelgeuse is said to be bigger than the orbit of Mars. When such a massive star dies, it generally ends up in one of the most spectacular events in the universe, a supernova explosion. Most of the mass of the star is violently distributed into space as giant clouds of hot, colorful gas. But the core of the star remains, is still very massive, and has no means to keep it from collapsing. It begins a journey that no force in nature can hinder, and it only stops until all that once was the star is found in one single point - the singularity.
One curious thing about black holes is their affinity for infinity. Laws of physics, as we know them, start to get wobbly when we get close to the “singularity.” This is the point at which what used to be matter has collapsed to a single point. This is very hard to imagine. How can a lot of stuff, with a lot of mass and gravity, collapse into a single point? And how big is that point?
Einstein’s theory of general relativity tells us that at the singularity, all the core’s mass is compressed into a space with zero volume, while its density and gravity are infinitely big! But quantum physics, with its uncertainly principle, says more reasonably that it’s a very large amount of matter squeezed into the smallest possible amount of space. Still, it’s a pretty quirky concept. Perhaps that’s why they are so very interesting.
Next week, we will talk about the even more curious super-massive black holes. Meanwhile, enjoy lovely Venus in the sunset and Saturn crossing the southern skies all night long.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
One of the strangest, most compelling objects in the universe are black holes. The idea that something can be so powerful, so destructive, and yet invisible to us is very compelling. Ever since they were first speculated to exist, we have been searching the skies for the invisible monsters, the star-eating, gas-sucking anomalies of nature.
At first, it was very hard to find black holes. You have to get creative; you have to find something that the black hole is affecting. It’s like looking for the skunk that gets into your garbage every night. You can’t see it; it’s dark and you’re looking in the night, but skunks certainly leave clues behind. So we try to “sniff out” black holes, and look for the destruction they cause.
One of the best indicators of the presence of a black hole is a binary star system that emits X-rays. Binary star systems are quite common in the galaxy, and it turns out that often, one star is much bigger than the other. Big stars, like Elvis, tend to burn very brightly and burn out quickly. When massive stars die, they often become black holes. The companion star still orbits the “hole” left behind, but if material from the companion star happens to get too close to the black hole, it will get swirled in and “eaten,” streaming out X-rays as tidal forces ionize the infalling gas. We see the X-rays, and can begin to pinpoint the black hole.
There are different sizes of black holes, but the most familiar are the ones that come from big stars, like the star in the shoulder of Orion called Betelgeuse (commonly pronounced “beetle-juice” to the delight of untold numbers of elementary students.) Betelgeuse is said to be bigger than the orbit of Mars. When such a massive star dies, it generally ends up in one of the most spectacular events in the universe, a supernova explosion. Most of the mass of the star is violently distributed into space as giant clouds of hot, colorful gas. But the core of the star remains, is still very massive, and has no means to keep it from collapsing. It begins a journey that no force in nature can hinder, and it only stops until all that once was the star is found in one single point - the singularity.
One curious thing about black holes is their affinity for infinity. Laws of physics, as we know them, start to get wobbly when we get close to the “singularity.” This is the point at which what used to be matter has collapsed to a single point. This is very hard to imagine. How can a lot of stuff, with a lot of mass and gravity, collapse into a single point? And how big is that point?
Einstein’s theory of general relativity tells us that at the singularity, all the core’s mass is compressed into a space with zero volume, while its density and gravity are infinitely big! But quantum physics, with its uncertainly principle, says more reasonably that it’s a very large amount of matter squeezed into the smallest possible amount of space. Still, it’s a pretty quirky concept. Perhaps that’s why they are so very interesting.
Next week, we will talk about the even more curious super-massive black holes. Meanwhile, enjoy lovely Venus in the sunset and Saturn crossing the southern skies all night long.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Thursday, April 05, 2007
Orbiting Fun
4/1/07 – 4/7/07
One of my favorite websites is “Astronomy Picture of the Day” (APOD) - the images are just amazing. One recent image depicted the very slim crescent moon hanging above the blue-skied horizon of the earth. It was taken by the astronauts on the space station. I often forget that there are astronauts floating above the earth looking down on us every ninety minutes or so. In their free time they like to take pictures of the earth, and the one they took of the crescent moon is beautifully dream-like. Well, at least it made me day-dream when I saw it.
I thought about how fun it might be to toss little pebbles out the window and watch them burn up as they fall through the air and descend to earth. I would be creating my own meteors, and how fun is it that people on the earth below would look up and see my meteor shower. How many little children would be making wishes on the “falling stars” I was tossing down? Wouldn’t it be nice if there was a front porch on the International Space Station for visitors who are lucky enough to go up there? What a view from that porch swing!
Obviously I’m amusing myself with fanciful thoughts of being in orbit, but I bet someday it will come true. Why not? People pay lots of money for all sorts of exotic vacations, but what could be more exotic than a few weeks aboard the space station? Of course, it being a scientific endeavor, and being rather on the dangerous end of things, one should probably come up with a scientific experiment or two to make it worthwhile. It can’t be all solar-tanning windows and zero-g foot rubs. I think I would experiment with different fluids and how they behaved in space. I would be sure to bring along six-packs of various fluids, and perhaps some pretzels to interact with the fluids. I’d be interested to study the formation of bubbles on carbonated beverages floating in microgravity. I’d also study how the human body reacts to these carbonated beverages. I’ve seen pictures of the astronauts floating giant bubbles of liquid around the cabin, dodging and ducking to catch them in their mouths. I think that would be pretty fun, and I’m sure there’s some scientific value in it.
While I was up on the porch of the Space Station, I would be sure to take lots of photos. I’d try to capture a pebble falling through the air. I think it would look like a pebble for awhile, and then it would start to glow, and then I’d see a little blaze and then would see it no more. That’s my theory, but it would be fun to prove it. That’s what science is all about, right?
There is science going on up there. The astronauts have a barrage of experiments they tend, from growing protein crystals to live tissue cells. Life in low gravity is very different than anything the human body is used to. If we ever want to make trips to Mars or other planets, we need to learn how to counteract the atrophy of our muscles and the weakening of our bones. We have to learn how to maneuver in centrifuges which can simulate the effects of gravity. There’s a lot to learn about living in space, but I know that I’d be on the list of volunteers to spend spring break in orbit!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
One of my favorite websites is “Astronomy Picture of the Day” (APOD) - the images are just amazing. One recent image depicted the very slim crescent moon hanging above the blue-skied horizon of the earth. It was taken by the astronauts on the space station. I often forget that there are astronauts floating above the earth looking down on us every ninety minutes or so. In their free time they like to take pictures of the earth, and the one they took of the crescent moon is beautifully dream-like. Well, at least it made me day-dream when I saw it.
I thought about how fun it might be to toss little pebbles out the window and watch them burn up as they fall through the air and descend to earth. I would be creating my own meteors, and how fun is it that people on the earth below would look up and see my meteor shower. How many little children would be making wishes on the “falling stars” I was tossing down? Wouldn’t it be nice if there was a front porch on the International Space Station for visitors who are lucky enough to go up there? What a view from that porch swing!
Obviously I’m amusing myself with fanciful thoughts of being in orbit, but I bet someday it will come true. Why not? People pay lots of money for all sorts of exotic vacations, but what could be more exotic than a few weeks aboard the space station? Of course, it being a scientific endeavor, and being rather on the dangerous end of things, one should probably come up with a scientific experiment or two to make it worthwhile. It can’t be all solar-tanning windows and zero-g foot rubs. I think I would experiment with different fluids and how they behaved in space. I would be sure to bring along six-packs of various fluids, and perhaps some pretzels to interact with the fluids. I’d be interested to study the formation of bubbles on carbonated beverages floating in microgravity. I’d also study how the human body reacts to these carbonated beverages. I’ve seen pictures of the astronauts floating giant bubbles of liquid around the cabin, dodging and ducking to catch them in their mouths. I think that would be pretty fun, and I’m sure there’s some scientific value in it.
While I was up on the porch of the Space Station, I would be sure to take lots of photos. I’d try to capture a pebble falling through the air. I think it would look like a pebble for awhile, and then it would start to glow, and then I’d see a little blaze and then would see it no more. That’s my theory, but it would be fun to prove it. That’s what science is all about, right?
There is science going on up there. The astronauts have a barrage of experiments they tend, from growing protein crystals to live tissue cells. Life in low gravity is very different than anything the human body is used to. If we ever want to make trips to Mars or other planets, we need to learn how to counteract the atrophy of our muscles and the weakening of our bones. We have to learn how to maneuver in centrifuges which can simulate the effects of gravity. There’s a lot to learn about living in space, but I know that I’d be on the list of volunteers to spend spring break in orbit!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Of Great Magnitude
3/25/07 – 3/31/07
by C. Zaitz
“Star light, star bright, first star I see tonight…” so which one will it be? People often ask, “what’s the first star?” or “what’s the biggest star?” or my personal favorite, “what’s the farthest star?” These questions tend to our desire to catalogue things, rank them, sort and classify. Maybe knowing the biggest, best, and brightest may be a way to make sense of the infinite and chaotic universe.
The problem with far away stars is that they are really hard to see! At the very limit of our view lie the most distant objects we can see; the quasars, with their light so stretched from the billions of years of travel that their spectra have migrated far into the red and infrared extremes. Quasars are strange objects; compact, bright and very distant. They seem to be the cores of ancient galaxies, most certainly with giant black holes at their centers. As of now, the farthest quasar we’ve found is nearly 13 billion light years away. That’s close to the time when we think the first stars and galaxies were forming. Before that, there was no light at all. So we’ll have to be content to say quasars are the farthest “objects” we can see.
What about big? All stars are big, compared to earth. Maybe you’ve heard that the sun a small star. In the great scheme of things, perhaps it’s not as big as, say, Betelgeuse or Deneb, but it’s just right for us. However, there are vast numbers of loftier and heftier stars than our own. Most of the bright stars in the sky would dwarf our sun. They are bright mainly because they are huge. We call the brightness of a star its magnitude. Stars have two magnitudes; the one we see, called the apparent magnitude, and the one it really is, called the absolute magnitude. Imagine trying to compare sizes of sailboats in a lake. It would be easy if they were all the same distance from you, but they’re all over the lake. You could classify them by how big they look, but that’s not really fair for the ones far away- they’ll always look tiny. Unfortunately, it’s very tricky to find the absolute magnitude of stars since they are scattered all over the universe. With sailboats, you might be able to recognize the type of boat by its appearance and infer its size from that knowledge, and that’s what we do with stars. But there’s room for error- what if the same brand of boat comes in 24’ and 32’ and they look very similar? Astronomers have several methods of estimating size and distance, but it’s not an exact science. So we’ll just say that Epsilon Aurigae, in the constellation of Auriga, is 2,700 times bigger than our sun, and that’s one of the biggest we’ve ever seen.
So how does one decide what the first star is? Are we looking for the first star that you see in the evening sky? This answer can be evasive, since the first star is usually a planet. Planets can be very bright, especially Venus. Venus has been greeting the sunset lately, and as twilight fades, its brilliance in the western sky is unparalleled. But it’s not a star. However, when you’re looking for the first of anything in the night sky, look for Venus. Its apparent magnitude is very great, and when it comes to just enjoying the night sky, appearances can be everything!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
“Star light, star bright, first star I see tonight…” so which one will it be? People often ask, “what’s the first star?” or “what’s the biggest star?” or my personal favorite, “what’s the farthest star?” These questions tend to our desire to catalogue things, rank them, sort and classify. Maybe knowing the biggest, best, and brightest may be a way to make sense of the infinite and chaotic universe.
The problem with far away stars is that they are really hard to see! At the very limit of our view lie the most distant objects we can see; the quasars, with their light so stretched from the billions of years of travel that their spectra have migrated far into the red and infrared extremes. Quasars are strange objects; compact, bright and very distant. They seem to be the cores of ancient galaxies, most certainly with giant black holes at their centers. As of now, the farthest quasar we’ve found is nearly 13 billion light years away. That’s close to the time when we think the first stars and galaxies were forming. Before that, there was no light at all. So we’ll have to be content to say quasars are the farthest “objects” we can see.
What about big? All stars are big, compared to earth. Maybe you’ve heard that the sun a small star. In the great scheme of things, perhaps it’s not as big as, say, Betelgeuse or Deneb, but it’s just right for us. However, there are vast numbers of loftier and heftier stars than our own. Most of the bright stars in the sky would dwarf our sun. They are bright mainly because they are huge. We call the brightness of a star its magnitude. Stars have two magnitudes; the one we see, called the apparent magnitude, and the one it really is, called the absolute magnitude. Imagine trying to compare sizes of sailboats in a lake. It would be easy if they were all the same distance from you, but they’re all over the lake. You could classify them by how big they look, but that’s not really fair for the ones far away- they’ll always look tiny. Unfortunately, it’s very tricky to find the absolute magnitude of stars since they are scattered all over the universe. With sailboats, you might be able to recognize the type of boat by its appearance and infer its size from that knowledge, and that’s what we do with stars. But there’s room for error- what if the same brand of boat comes in 24’ and 32’ and they look very similar? Astronomers have several methods of estimating size and distance, but it’s not an exact science. So we’ll just say that Epsilon Aurigae, in the constellation of Auriga, is 2,700 times bigger than our sun, and that’s one of the biggest we’ve ever seen.
So how does one decide what the first star is? Are we looking for the first star that you see in the evening sky? This answer can be evasive, since the first star is usually a planet. Planets can be very bright, especially Venus. Venus has been greeting the sunset lately, and as twilight fades, its brilliance in the western sky is unparalleled. But it’s not a star. However, when you’re looking for the first of anything in the night sky, look for Venus. Its apparent magnitude is very great, and when it comes to just enjoying the night sky, appearances can be everything!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
What Goes Around
3/18/07 – 3/24/07
by C. Zaitz
I’ve been giving a series of planetarium shows for fourth graders. I’ve heard a lot of interesting things come out of ten year olds, but today they stumped me. I was pointing out the planets that are visible in the early evening. Venus hovers above the sunset, driving light daggers into your eyes as you watch the glow of the sun fade. Saturn, however, lags behind and is only just rising to a nice height at sunset. It is in the southeast, whereas Venus is definitely following the sun into the west.
I told the fourth graders that it was 8:30 at night and I showed them the two planets. Then I asked them where Venus would be by 10pm. They were a verbal group with stretch marks in their armpits from raising their hands so much. I assumed they would say that Venus would go down in the west, like the sun, moon and all the stars. It seemed like a safe question.
Not so. Among the answers I got were, “it will go to the north,” “it will go back to the east” and “it will go south.” I could not BRIBE them to say it went down in the west. So I asked them what was really moving when the sun went down.
We talked through the rotation of the earth and I told them that we are spinning at 800 mph in Michigan. I asked them why they thought we couldn’t feel that motion and we talked about the reasons, such as the fact that we’ve always been spinning on the big earth and as long as it doesn’t speed up or stop, we will never notice its motion. Then to top it all off, I basically pirouetted until I got dizzy to illustrate the motion of the earth. That was my big wind-up. Then I threw it back to them. With excited, baited breath I asked, “So where will Venus be in an hour, my young friends?” I was sure that my antics and explanations had done the trick. But it hadn’t. Not even close. Somehow those young minds had heard or read something that had confused them about the motion of sky objects. And I didn’t know how to undo it.
So I laughed it off and we moved on. Later on the time came to actually move the stars toward the west. I took the opportunity to try once more, so I pointed to Venus and had them watch it as it sank down into the western horizon. I think they saw it. They looked surprised, but I think they finally believed that Venus would follow the sun down in the west. Sometimes seeing is believing. I know that the concept of the earth spinning is pretty abstract, and ten year olds aren’t quite abstract thinkers yet, but I thought that they might have noticed things setting in the west. When I realized they may never have actually seen Venus in the sky, I got a little sad. So to all of you with kids, take them out this month and show them Venus. Just point yourself toward the west at sunset and you’ll see it, clouds willing. And if you have a few moments later on, spy on it again and see where it went. I’m pretty sure that it will have followed the sun down in the west. But it’s always good to see it for yourself.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
I’ve been giving a series of planetarium shows for fourth graders. I’ve heard a lot of interesting things come out of ten year olds, but today they stumped me. I was pointing out the planets that are visible in the early evening. Venus hovers above the sunset, driving light daggers into your eyes as you watch the glow of the sun fade. Saturn, however, lags behind and is only just rising to a nice height at sunset. It is in the southeast, whereas Venus is definitely following the sun into the west.
I told the fourth graders that it was 8:30 at night and I showed them the two planets. Then I asked them where Venus would be by 10pm. They were a verbal group with stretch marks in their armpits from raising their hands so much. I assumed they would say that Venus would go down in the west, like the sun, moon and all the stars. It seemed like a safe question.
Not so. Among the answers I got were, “it will go to the north,” “it will go back to the east” and “it will go south.” I could not BRIBE them to say it went down in the west. So I asked them what was really moving when the sun went down.
We talked through the rotation of the earth and I told them that we are spinning at 800 mph in Michigan. I asked them why they thought we couldn’t feel that motion and we talked about the reasons, such as the fact that we’ve always been spinning on the big earth and as long as it doesn’t speed up or stop, we will never notice its motion. Then to top it all off, I basically pirouetted until I got dizzy to illustrate the motion of the earth. That was my big wind-up. Then I threw it back to them. With excited, baited breath I asked, “So where will Venus be in an hour, my young friends?” I was sure that my antics and explanations had done the trick. But it hadn’t. Not even close. Somehow those young minds had heard or read something that had confused them about the motion of sky objects. And I didn’t know how to undo it.
So I laughed it off and we moved on. Later on the time came to actually move the stars toward the west. I took the opportunity to try once more, so I pointed to Venus and had them watch it as it sank down into the western horizon. I think they saw it. They looked surprised, but I think they finally believed that Venus would follow the sun down in the west. Sometimes seeing is believing. I know that the concept of the earth spinning is pretty abstract, and ten year olds aren’t quite abstract thinkers yet, but I thought that they might have noticed things setting in the west. When I realized they may never have actually seen Venus in the sky, I got a little sad. So to all of you with kids, take them out this month and show them Venus. Just point yourself toward the west at sunset and you’ll see it, clouds willing. And if you have a few moments later on, spy on it again and see where it went. I’m pretty sure that it will have followed the sun down in the west. But it’s always good to see it for yourself.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, March 07, 2007
Moon Dust
by C. Zaitz
I’ve been thinking a lot lately about dust. Not just the dust that accumulates on the piano or the blinds. Not even the dust mixes with my shedding dog’s hair and ends up big as my fist, rolling across the hardwood floor. No, I’ve been thinking of far away dust, the kind of dust that sheaths the moon.
I have the privilege of working with some students who are involved in special projects. One student is trying to measure the electrical charge of dust that has been exposed to ultraviolet light. She chose this project because it seems that dust on the moon is very clingy. Astronauts who went to the moon and walked around got very dirty, very quickly. As soon as they stepped on the dust, it jumped onto their spacesuits and clung for dear life, almost as if the little dust particles had been waiting for billions of years for a ride to earth and finally it saw the opportunity. She wanted to see how charged dust can get, even here on earth. In that process we’ve both been learning a lot about dust. It’s not very sexy, but it’s pretty important.
Moon dust has some interesting properties. It’s not like the soft dust we find around the house. That dust is made of flakes of skin, pet dander, dirt particles and lint, among other things. Moon dust, however, is craggy and jagged. It’s made when asteroids hit the moon and pulverize rock. There’s nothing soft about moon dust. It’s so sharp that it cut through the seals on containers used to carry it back to earth. You wouldn’t want to step on a dust ball made of moon dust.
One of the problems with moon dust, and even dust on Mars, is that it tends to cling to everything. Scientists have different ideas why. One of the most popular ideas is something we experience all the time; static electricity, or better said, a difference in charges. Think of that dust that collects on your TV screen. The screen gets charged when it’s on, and the neutral dust gets attracted to it. Now think of the moon’s surface. Radiation from the sun knocks electrons off the dust and the particles become charged. Once an astronaut walks through the dust, the difference in charge makes the dust veritably leap onto the astronaut’s spacesuit. Since the dust is so caustic, in time it can cut and poke into the skin of the spacesuit, which is the only thing protecting the astronaut from certain death in the lunar environment. The dust is carried into the lunar lander and can get into sensitive equipment, with the potential of causing disaster.
Studies on how to combat the “stickiness” of the dust and the potential harm from it ended with the Apollo missions, but the rovers on Mars are still hampered by Martian dust as it covers their solar panels and gets into the working parts. It turns out that lowly dust can be a very important issue in future space travel. It could also be a key into understanding how the solar system formed, since current theories imply that the sun and planets coalesced out of space dust and gas. Dust has been around a long time. Perhaps with further study, we will know how to deal with moon dust by the time we get there in 2018. I know I wouldn’t want moon dust ruining my trip to the moon!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
I’ve been thinking a lot lately about dust. Not just the dust that accumulates on the piano or the blinds. Not even the dust mixes with my shedding dog’s hair and ends up big as my fist, rolling across the hardwood floor. No, I’ve been thinking of far away dust, the kind of dust that sheaths the moon.
I have the privilege of working with some students who are involved in special projects. One student is trying to measure the electrical charge of dust that has been exposed to ultraviolet light. She chose this project because it seems that dust on the moon is very clingy. Astronauts who went to the moon and walked around got very dirty, very quickly. As soon as they stepped on the dust, it jumped onto their spacesuits and clung for dear life, almost as if the little dust particles had been waiting for billions of years for a ride to earth and finally it saw the opportunity. She wanted to see how charged dust can get, even here on earth. In that process we’ve both been learning a lot about dust. It’s not very sexy, but it’s pretty important.
Moon dust has some interesting properties. It’s not like the soft dust we find around the house. That dust is made of flakes of skin, pet dander, dirt particles and lint, among other things. Moon dust, however, is craggy and jagged. It’s made when asteroids hit the moon and pulverize rock. There’s nothing soft about moon dust. It’s so sharp that it cut through the seals on containers used to carry it back to earth. You wouldn’t want to step on a dust ball made of moon dust.
One of the problems with moon dust, and even dust on Mars, is that it tends to cling to everything. Scientists have different ideas why. One of the most popular ideas is something we experience all the time; static electricity, or better said, a difference in charges. Think of that dust that collects on your TV screen. The screen gets charged when it’s on, and the neutral dust gets attracted to it. Now think of the moon’s surface. Radiation from the sun knocks electrons off the dust and the particles become charged. Once an astronaut walks through the dust, the difference in charge makes the dust veritably leap onto the astronaut’s spacesuit. Since the dust is so caustic, in time it can cut and poke into the skin of the spacesuit, which is the only thing protecting the astronaut from certain death in the lunar environment. The dust is carried into the lunar lander and can get into sensitive equipment, with the potential of causing disaster.
Studies on how to combat the “stickiness” of the dust and the potential harm from it ended with the Apollo missions, but the rovers on Mars are still hampered by Martian dust as it covers their solar panels and gets into the working parts. It turns out that lowly dust can be a very important issue in future space travel. It could also be a key into understanding how the solar system formed, since current theories imply that the sun and planets coalesced out of space dust and gas. Dust has been around a long time. Perhaps with further study, we will know how to deal with moon dust by the time we get there in 2018. I know I wouldn’t want moon dust ruining my trip to the moon!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, February 28, 2007
Astarte’s Crescent
3/4/07 – 3/10/07
by C. Zaitz
The crescent may very well be one of the most beautiful shapes of our lovely neighbor, the moon. The curved smile of the young moon after it has just passed through its shadowy new phase is a crowning jewel to twilight’s glorious robes of color, but sometimes that shadowy grin looks like a smirk, and sometimes a friendly smile.
Sometimes when you look at the crescent moon, it appears to look like the letter “C”, only backwards, more like a “D” without the straight part. But sometimes it looks like the letter “U,” or a birch bark canoe sailing over the horizon before it dips below the earth. I saw the moon looking like that last month, and I wondered about it.
It was an unusual sight. I wasn’t used to seeing the crescent moon in that position, and strangely I had just read an article about how the crescent moon looks like a “U” from latitudes near the equator. So why was our crescent moon looking like that, at our latitude, nearly halfway to the North Pole?
It’s true that near the equator, the crescent waxing moon looks more like a boat than a banana. It sets nearly straight down, chasing the sun to the ground. The sun does the same thing; near the equator the sun rises nearly straight up and sets the same way. In Michigan, we only see that on the vernal or autumnal equinoxes, when the sun crosses the celestial equator (an imaginary projection of earth’s equator onto the sky.) We remember that earth is tipped 23.5 degrees with respect to the plane of our orbit around the sun. If we project the plane of our orbit out into space and also the equator, these two circles cross at two points. One is in the spring, and the other is in autumn. We call these two days the equinoxes, and we are coming up on the Vernal or spring equinox. It’s at this time of year that the sun rises due east and sets due west. The moon’s orbit is only tipped about 5 degrees from the plane of our orbit, so it’s following that path pretty closely. So if the sun seems to rise and set straight up at this time of the year, it stands to reason that the young moon would as well. Thus we see our smiling moon.
In ancient times the crescent moon was the symbol of the Phoenicians goddess Astarte, known as Ishtar to the Mesopotamians, Diana to the Greeks and Venus to the Romans. Her “bediamonded crescent” was poetically captured by Edgar Allan Poe. You can see the crescent moon in modern times on flags and images from many different cultures. Muslim holidays and religious observances often start or end with the first sighting of the waxing crescent moon. The optimal conditions for sighting the young moon is when the angle that the moon sets is nearly perpendicular to the horizon, which happens to be around mid March for the Northern Hemisphere. The next young crescent moon will appear a few days after new moon, so look around the 19th or 20th of March to see if you can spot it. If you don’t see it one night, look the next. You’ll see the slim crescent grow, night after night, and be a witness to one of the more beautiful sights in the sky.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
The crescent may very well be one of the most beautiful shapes of our lovely neighbor, the moon. The curved smile of the young moon after it has just passed through its shadowy new phase is a crowning jewel to twilight’s glorious robes of color, but sometimes that shadowy grin looks like a smirk, and sometimes a friendly smile.
Sometimes when you look at the crescent moon, it appears to look like the letter “C”, only backwards, more like a “D” without the straight part. But sometimes it looks like the letter “U,” or a birch bark canoe sailing over the horizon before it dips below the earth. I saw the moon looking like that last month, and I wondered about it.
It was an unusual sight. I wasn’t used to seeing the crescent moon in that position, and strangely I had just read an article about how the crescent moon looks like a “U” from latitudes near the equator. So why was our crescent moon looking like that, at our latitude, nearly halfway to the North Pole?
It’s true that near the equator, the crescent waxing moon looks more like a boat than a banana. It sets nearly straight down, chasing the sun to the ground. The sun does the same thing; near the equator the sun rises nearly straight up and sets the same way. In Michigan, we only see that on the vernal or autumnal equinoxes, when the sun crosses the celestial equator (an imaginary projection of earth’s equator onto the sky.) We remember that earth is tipped 23.5 degrees with respect to the plane of our orbit around the sun. If we project the plane of our orbit out into space and also the equator, these two circles cross at two points. One is in the spring, and the other is in autumn. We call these two days the equinoxes, and we are coming up on the Vernal or spring equinox. It’s at this time of year that the sun rises due east and sets due west. The moon’s orbit is only tipped about 5 degrees from the plane of our orbit, so it’s following that path pretty closely. So if the sun seems to rise and set straight up at this time of the year, it stands to reason that the young moon would as well. Thus we see our smiling moon.
In ancient times the crescent moon was the symbol of the Phoenicians goddess Astarte, known as Ishtar to the Mesopotamians, Diana to the Greeks and Venus to the Romans. Her “bediamonded crescent” was poetically captured by Edgar Allan Poe. You can see the crescent moon in modern times on flags and images from many different cultures. Muslim holidays and religious observances often start or end with the first sighting of the waxing crescent moon. The optimal conditions for sighting the young moon is when the angle that the moon sets is nearly perpendicular to the horizon, which happens to be around mid March for the Northern Hemisphere. The next young crescent moon will appear a few days after new moon, so look around the 19th or 20th of March to see if you can spot it. If you don’t see it one night, look the next. You’ll see the slim crescent grow, night after night, and be a witness to one of the more beautiful sights in the sky.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, February 20, 2007
Waltzing with Luna
2/25/07 – 3/3/07
C. Zaitz
Did you ever notice that when you gaze at the full moon, it always looks the same? It’s not just a round bland face; it has features. Some say it has a smile, or that the dark areas look like a bunny or frog or even an astronaut tickling the chin of a poodle. Next full moon, take a look and notice what you see. It’s what you’ve seen your entire life.
Maybe you don't miss the other side of the moon, but isn’t it odd that we never get to see it? It’s a sphere, so it must have other faces, but we only see the same one, over and over. In fact, no one had ever seen the back side of the moon until 1959, when we sent rockets around our cosmic companion. It turns out that the other side of the moon is very different from the side we see. There are no dark areas to make smiles or bunnies. It’s all “highlands,” with very few “maria,” the dark lava “seas” that make the shapes so familiar to us on our side of the moon.
Notice I didn’t say “dark side of the moon.” No offense to Pink Floyd, but technically it’s not correct to refer to the other side of the moon as the “dark side,” since over the course of a month it gets just as much sunlight as the side facing us.
So the question is: why do we see only one face of the moon? Is it because the moon isn’t rotating? Actually, with respect to the stars, it is rotating. If it didn’t rotate, over the course of the month we’d see all of it. It would slowly show each nook and crater to us. Instead, it rotates at the same speed that it circles us. This is called synchronous rotation, and it turns out that it is no accident. The majority of the moons in our solar system are synchronized with their parent planet. It’s all about tides.
We may remember that the moon tugs on the earth and creates tidal bulges in the oceans, but what we may not know is that even rocks and dirt feel the effects of that tug and experience tidal bulging. Tidal bulges occur in any body that is tugged on by other bodies. The result of these bulges is that they act like little friction brakes to the spin of the object. The moon is causing the earth to slow down. As a thank you, the earth is sending the moon farther away from us to conserve angular momentum. Meanwhile, the two are facing off like a bullfighter and his bull. The moon has already succumbed, but eventually, earth will slow enough so that one face will point eternally toward the moon as well. Then they will dance, staring each other down, until the sun itself burns out and goes dark.
This effect is called tidal locking, and is the opposite of rare in the solar system. Given enough time, most objects will have orbital and rotational resonance with their nearest gravitational partners. If that sounds like heavy duty physics, it is. But it’s also beautiful, because the whole system of planets, moons and the sun will be in sync, in a cosmic waltz, pirouetting at the same time, locked in eternal embraces. I wonder what the band will be playing for the dance. Perhaps it will be the music of the spheres.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
C. Zaitz
Did you ever notice that when you gaze at the full moon, it always looks the same? It’s not just a round bland face; it has features. Some say it has a smile, or that the dark areas look like a bunny or frog or even an astronaut tickling the chin of a poodle. Next full moon, take a look and notice what you see. It’s what you’ve seen your entire life.
Maybe you don't miss the other side of the moon, but isn’t it odd that we never get to see it? It’s a sphere, so it must have other faces, but we only see the same one, over and over. In fact, no one had ever seen the back side of the moon until 1959, when we sent rockets around our cosmic companion. It turns out that the other side of the moon is very different from the side we see. There are no dark areas to make smiles or bunnies. It’s all “highlands,” with very few “maria,” the dark lava “seas” that make the shapes so familiar to us on our side of the moon.
Notice I didn’t say “dark side of the moon.” No offense to Pink Floyd, but technically it’s not correct to refer to the other side of the moon as the “dark side,” since over the course of a month it gets just as much sunlight as the side facing us.
So the question is: why do we see only one face of the moon? Is it because the moon isn’t rotating? Actually, with respect to the stars, it is rotating. If it didn’t rotate, over the course of the month we’d see all of it. It would slowly show each nook and crater to us. Instead, it rotates at the same speed that it circles us. This is called synchronous rotation, and it turns out that it is no accident. The majority of the moons in our solar system are synchronized with their parent planet. It’s all about tides.
We may remember that the moon tugs on the earth and creates tidal bulges in the oceans, but what we may not know is that even rocks and dirt feel the effects of that tug and experience tidal bulging. Tidal bulges occur in any body that is tugged on by other bodies. The result of these bulges is that they act like little friction brakes to the spin of the object. The moon is causing the earth to slow down. As a thank you, the earth is sending the moon farther away from us to conserve angular momentum. Meanwhile, the two are facing off like a bullfighter and his bull. The moon has already succumbed, but eventually, earth will slow enough so that one face will point eternally toward the moon as well. Then they will dance, staring each other down, until the sun itself burns out and goes dark.
This effect is called tidal locking, and is the opposite of rare in the solar system. Given enough time, most objects will have orbital and rotational resonance with their nearest gravitational partners. If that sounds like heavy duty physics, it is. But it’s also beautiful, because the whole system of planets, moons and the sun will be in sync, in a cosmic waltz, pirouetting at the same time, locked in eternal embraces. I wonder what the band will be playing for the dance. Perhaps it will be the music of the spheres.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, February 13, 2007
Star-crossed Science
2/18/07 – 2/24/07
by C. Zaitz
I recently had a conversation with high school students about astrology. Astronomy and astrology have been around for thousands of years, but the science of astronomy only broke with the art of astrology a few hundred years ago. Astronomia was the old word for the scholars who undertook the duties of observing and predicting sky motions, interpreting them and applying them to earthly events. In fact, the observatories and salaries needed for observing and predicting (astronomy) were often paid for by the profits made by interpreting and applying (astrology).
Most of the great astronomers we can think of were also astrologers. There was no shame in casting horoscopes. In fact, it was quite a lucrative business for some. Johannes Kepler, known to scientists for his three Laws of Planetary Motion, was a prolific astrologer while he wasn’t trying to figure out the nature of things. When his paycheck didn’t arrive from his day job as a mathematician and astronomer, as it often didn’t, he resorted to casting natal charts and predicting events to feed his family. Kepler sometimes balked at mundane astrological duties, thinking that most common folk were too superstitious and ignorant to understand the true beauty of astrology. To him it was art married to science, it was real, and it meant something. It was a taste of the divine. Galileo, a contemporary of Kepler and famous for first gazing at the heavens through the newly developed telescope, also shared Kepler’s use of astrology. In fact, though some use Galileo as an example of one of the first scientists divorced from superstition, it’s much more likely that Galileo, like his contemporaries, viewed astrology as an aspect of religion and world view, where what happens above happens below, and that the heavens are reflected on earth. He cast horoscopes and charts like his contemporaries, when he wasn’t spying on the rings of Saturn or the moons of Jupiter.
The idea that earth is a reflection of the machinations of heaven is a beautiful thought, so it’s no wonder the notion has been around so long. But it began to lose favor in the mid 18th century. Why did astrology and astronomy split up? Perhaps because science and scientific methods became so important by making life better and for improving technology that people no longer wanted to rely on an “unscientific” form of prediction. Astrology became known as an occult or superstitious science, and the Age of Reason did not leave room for superstition. However, it didn’t go away completely, it just moved to the realm of divination.
Does that leave astrology without a foot hold in modern society? Many of us read our horoscopes in the newspaper for amusement, and some of us take it a bit more seriously. When I questioned the students about astrology, the vocal ones indicated that they thought it was somewhat silly. But the silent ones may have had different feelings that they were embarrassed to express in a science class. Nowadays it’s considered almost ignorant to believe in astrology. Yet, I don’t think humans will ever stop trying to make connections between what happens “below” and what might be happening “above.” And what better way than to watch the beautiful stars and planets? I almost admire people who find connections between the planets and their lives. I have never been able to, but wouldn’t it be fun to think that everything could be explained by looking at the stars?
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
I recently had a conversation with high school students about astrology. Astronomy and astrology have been around for thousands of years, but the science of astronomy only broke with the art of astrology a few hundred years ago. Astronomia was the old word for the scholars who undertook the duties of observing and predicting sky motions, interpreting them and applying them to earthly events. In fact, the observatories and salaries needed for observing and predicting (astronomy) were often paid for by the profits made by interpreting and applying (astrology).
Most of the great astronomers we can think of were also astrologers. There was no shame in casting horoscopes. In fact, it was quite a lucrative business for some. Johannes Kepler, known to scientists for his three Laws of Planetary Motion, was a prolific astrologer while he wasn’t trying to figure out the nature of things. When his paycheck didn’t arrive from his day job as a mathematician and astronomer, as it often didn’t, he resorted to casting natal charts and predicting events to feed his family. Kepler sometimes balked at mundane astrological duties, thinking that most common folk were too superstitious and ignorant to understand the true beauty of astrology. To him it was art married to science, it was real, and it meant something. It was a taste of the divine. Galileo, a contemporary of Kepler and famous for first gazing at the heavens through the newly developed telescope, also shared Kepler’s use of astrology. In fact, though some use Galileo as an example of one of the first scientists divorced from superstition, it’s much more likely that Galileo, like his contemporaries, viewed astrology as an aspect of religion and world view, where what happens above happens below, and that the heavens are reflected on earth. He cast horoscopes and charts like his contemporaries, when he wasn’t spying on the rings of Saturn or the moons of Jupiter.
The idea that earth is a reflection of the machinations of heaven is a beautiful thought, so it’s no wonder the notion has been around so long. But it began to lose favor in the mid 18th century. Why did astrology and astronomy split up? Perhaps because science and scientific methods became so important by making life better and for improving technology that people no longer wanted to rely on an “unscientific” form of prediction. Astrology became known as an occult or superstitious science, and the Age of Reason did not leave room for superstition. However, it didn’t go away completely, it just moved to the realm of divination.
Does that leave astrology without a foot hold in modern society? Many of us read our horoscopes in the newspaper for amusement, and some of us take it a bit more seriously. When I questioned the students about astrology, the vocal ones indicated that they thought it was somewhat silly. But the silent ones may have had different feelings that they were embarrassed to express in a science class. Nowadays it’s considered almost ignorant to believe in astrology. Yet, I don’t think humans will ever stop trying to make connections between what happens “below” and what might be happening “above.” And what better way than to watch the beautiful stars and planets? I almost admire people who find connections between the planets and their lives. I have never been able to, but wouldn’t it be fun to think that everything could be explained by looking at the stars?
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Monday, February 05, 2007
All This Useless Beauty
2/11/07 – 2/17/07
by C. Zaitz
Sometimes the sky overwhelms me. It is just so beautiful. When I run outside to let the dog out, the sky just catches me until I don’t know if it is the cold making my eyes tear up or if I’m really crying at the beauty.
That beauty is what caught me at a young age to want to know more about the Universe. I think the sky is rather like art. Sometimes you can look at a work of art and its beauty affects you, even if you don’t know anything about the artist or subject. However, when you look a little deeper, things really start to open up. Perhaps the first time you saw “Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gogh you thought, “well, that really doesn’t look like the sky at all!” But then you learn that he wasn’t really painting the sky so much as he was using images as a vehicle for his emotions and whirling thoughts. You begin to see the painting as an expression of impressions, and then you can understand the beauty of it on a different level.
For me, the beauty of the sky has inspired me to learn more. I think a pretty sunset over a gorgeous landscape can be just that, a pretty view. It can also be more. If you look into it, you can get a further appreciation of the magic of a sunset. You can learn how erupting volcanoes can make some of the most beautiful sunsets ever. But they can also extinguish life on earth.
When I was young and saw the moon through a telescope, things changed for me. The moon is positively scarred with craters from collisions with meteors and asteroids. I learned that the earth has been pummeled as well, even more than the Moon since it is larger. I no longer believed that the earth was a charmed planet, and that no asteroid would dare collide with MY planet! I guess I got a dose of reality.
It’s nice to look at the beauty of the earth, to watch the shows on the Nature Channel or even go hiking or boating to enjoy nature. But there has been a lot of talk lately about how we have changed our environment simply by thriving in it, by harnessing the energy of the earth in order to make our lives more secure and comfortable. Though there is debate about the extent of global warming and its timeline, there is a great amount of evidence telling us that we are affecting our environment in a way that is detrimental to our continuation as a species. It’s beautiful and awesome to watch huge chunks of Antarctic ice falling into the ocean. There’s a certain amount of inevitableness about it. I suppose that’s why we don’t lie awake worrying about asteroids hitting us. Yet we aren’t dinosaurs. We are capable of good and great things. But if all the beauty that inspires us doesn’t urge us to look deeper into what we’re doing, it might all go away. Or maybe we will. All this useless beauty, if we don’t read into it, if we don’t look a little deeper than the surface of the sunset, or the story of the moon. Useless beauty if we don’t take the time to understand ourselves and our environment. And it’s such a fascinating story!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
Sometimes the sky overwhelms me. It is just so beautiful. When I run outside to let the dog out, the sky just catches me until I don’t know if it is the cold making my eyes tear up or if I’m really crying at the beauty.
That beauty is what caught me at a young age to want to know more about the Universe. I think the sky is rather like art. Sometimes you can look at a work of art and its beauty affects you, even if you don’t know anything about the artist or subject. However, when you look a little deeper, things really start to open up. Perhaps the first time you saw “Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gogh you thought, “well, that really doesn’t look like the sky at all!” But then you learn that he wasn’t really painting the sky so much as he was using images as a vehicle for his emotions and whirling thoughts. You begin to see the painting as an expression of impressions, and then you can understand the beauty of it on a different level.
For me, the beauty of the sky has inspired me to learn more. I think a pretty sunset over a gorgeous landscape can be just that, a pretty view. It can also be more. If you look into it, you can get a further appreciation of the magic of a sunset. You can learn how erupting volcanoes can make some of the most beautiful sunsets ever. But they can also extinguish life on earth.
When I was young and saw the moon through a telescope, things changed for me. The moon is positively scarred with craters from collisions with meteors and asteroids. I learned that the earth has been pummeled as well, even more than the Moon since it is larger. I no longer believed that the earth was a charmed planet, and that no asteroid would dare collide with MY planet! I guess I got a dose of reality.
It’s nice to look at the beauty of the earth, to watch the shows on the Nature Channel or even go hiking or boating to enjoy nature. But there has been a lot of talk lately about how we have changed our environment simply by thriving in it, by harnessing the energy of the earth in order to make our lives more secure and comfortable. Though there is debate about the extent of global warming and its timeline, there is a great amount of evidence telling us that we are affecting our environment in a way that is detrimental to our continuation as a species. It’s beautiful and awesome to watch huge chunks of Antarctic ice falling into the ocean. There’s a certain amount of inevitableness about it. I suppose that’s why we don’t lie awake worrying about asteroids hitting us. Yet we aren’t dinosaurs. We are capable of good and great things. But if all the beauty that inspires us doesn’t urge us to look deeper into what we’re doing, it might all go away. Or maybe we will. All this useless beauty, if we don’t read into it, if we don’t look a little deeper than the surface of the sunset, or the story of the moon. Useless beauty if we don’t take the time to understand ourselves and our environment. And it’s such a fascinating story!
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, January 31, 2007
Baby Stars
2/4/07 – 2/10/07
by C. Zaitz
One of the most magnificent things to “see” in the sky is the Great Nebula in Orion. However, it’s not so great to the naked eye on a chilly evening in light-polluted Metro Detroit in February. Your eye might detect a little fuzziness, a little hazy area around the stars at the tip of Orion’s sword. One of the “stars” is really the nebula, but the significance of this little blur in the sky might be lost by a casual glance.
If we look a little deeper, the fuzzy blob reveals one of the most incredible places in our galaxy. The nebula is a huge, diffuse cloud of gas and dust, some 1,500 light years from earth. The nebula formed from an even more diffuse cloud of molecular gas, slowly brought together into denser pockets that eventually formed stars. We now see pockets of gas and dust forming bubbles, or protoplanetary discs. Perhaps stars with planets are forming, or maybe a double star system will form. We already see baby stars in their formative years. Embedded within the wisps of colorful gas of the nebula is a group of four hot, blue stars in a formation we call the Trapezium, at least one of which is a double star. These stars can be seen easily with a small telescope, and they mark the spot where nearly 1,000 sun-like stars are just being born and are beginning to shine. It’s a stellar nursery, similar to the famous one we’ve seen in the Eagle Nebula.
Right now the area is clouded with dust and gas, lit in abstract colors by the intense fires of the newly born stars. Astronomers say that eventually the nebula will be blown away or absorbed and what will be left is something similar to the Pleiades or the Beehive cluster. These are called open clusters, and remind me of ripe grapes hanging in clusters in space. They are beautiful, but they relatively devoid of the colorful gas clouds that make the Orion Nebula so stunning. When we look at the Nebula with telescopes and make long-exposure images, we see an incredibly breathtaking work of art, nature’s best, hanging low in the constellation of Orion.
So how do you go about seeing the Orion nebula? If you begin on the internet, by looking at the beautiful full-color shots from the Hubble Space telescope or even large ground-based telescopes, you will not be disappointed. But if you start there, you may end there. You may never get the thrill of seeing the nebula live, in person, through a telescope. And there is something special about seeing deep-space object, or things outside our solar system, with your own eyes. Therefore, finding a winter star party is your best bet for seeing the nebula. Amateur astronomers are famous for sharing their expensive telescopes with anyone who wants to see the sky, and even some folks who were just innocently passing by. I have even been known to cajole people into taking a glimpse. Though folks may be tentative at first, it only takes seconds to be converted into a believer.
Who is throwing a star party at this time of the year? If you do a quick internet search for our local amateur astronomy groups, you’ll be surprised. As long as you bundle up in layers, winter star gazing can be quite exhilarating and fun. And there’s oh so many ways to warm up afterwards, sharing laughs and warm beverages with new friends.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
One of the most magnificent things to “see” in the sky is the Great Nebula in Orion. However, it’s not so great to the naked eye on a chilly evening in light-polluted Metro Detroit in February. Your eye might detect a little fuzziness, a little hazy area around the stars at the tip of Orion’s sword. One of the “stars” is really the nebula, but the significance of this little blur in the sky might be lost by a casual glance.
If we look a little deeper, the fuzzy blob reveals one of the most incredible places in our galaxy. The nebula is a huge, diffuse cloud of gas and dust, some 1,500 light years from earth. The nebula formed from an even more diffuse cloud of molecular gas, slowly brought together into denser pockets that eventually formed stars. We now see pockets of gas and dust forming bubbles, or protoplanetary discs. Perhaps stars with planets are forming, or maybe a double star system will form. We already see baby stars in their formative years. Embedded within the wisps of colorful gas of the nebula is a group of four hot, blue stars in a formation we call the Trapezium, at least one of which is a double star. These stars can be seen easily with a small telescope, and they mark the spot where nearly 1,000 sun-like stars are just being born and are beginning to shine. It’s a stellar nursery, similar to the famous one we’ve seen in the Eagle Nebula.
Right now the area is clouded with dust and gas, lit in abstract colors by the intense fires of the newly born stars. Astronomers say that eventually the nebula will be blown away or absorbed and what will be left is something similar to the Pleiades or the Beehive cluster. These are called open clusters, and remind me of ripe grapes hanging in clusters in space. They are beautiful, but they relatively devoid of the colorful gas clouds that make the Orion Nebula so stunning. When we look at the Nebula with telescopes and make long-exposure images, we see an incredibly breathtaking work of art, nature’s best, hanging low in the constellation of Orion.
So how do you go about seeing the Orion nebula? If you begin on the internet, by looking at the beautiful full-color shots from the Hubble Space telescope or even large ground-based telescopes, you will not be disappointed. But if you start there, you may end there. You may never get the thrill of seeing the nebula live, in person, through a telescope. And there is something special about seeing deep-space object, or things outside our solar system, with your own eyes. Therefore, finding a winter star party is your best bet for seeing the nebula. Amateur astronomers are famous for sharing their expensive telescopes with anyone who wants to see the sky, and even some folks who were just innocently passing by. I have even been known to cajole people into taking a glimpse. Though folks may be tentative at first, it only takes seconds to be converted into a believer.
Who is throwing a star party at this time of the year? If you do a quick internet search for our local amateur astronomy groups, you’ll be surprised. As long as you bundle up in layers, winter star gazing can be quite exhilarating and fun. And there’s oh so many ways to warm up afterwards, sharing laughs and warm beverages with new friends.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Tuesday, January 23, 2007
Catch a Glimpse
1/28/07 – 2/3/07
by C. Zaitz
We have a somewhat rare opportunity to catch a glimpse of a planet that usually hides in the glow of the sun. Little planet Mercury should be visible in the western sunset glow until about the 7th of February. You’ll need a pretty flat western horizon and a little patience to see the diminutive and shy planet, but once you see him, you’ll never forget it.
Here’s why: as you look toward the west at sunset, you can see our entire inner solar system. Venus, shining brightly even a half hour after sunset, will be the first thing you notice. You can’t miss her; she is the brightest celestial object after the sun and moon. Venus dominates the sky after the sun goes down. She was named for the goddess of love and beauty, for the obvious reason of her glorious glow. She shines so brilliantly that she can be mistaken for man-made or even alien craft. If you watch her for a minute or two, you’ll notice her steady light. This is no plane or UFO, it's the brilliant evening "star."
Once you find Venus, you should look a little down and to the right to find Mercury. This planet was named for the fleet footed god of the Romans, Mercury. As the closest planet to the sun, his orbit is small and fast. He whips around the sun once every 88 days. But it’s not his speed that makes him hard to see, it’s the fact that the smallest of the planets is never very far from the sun. When you look for Mercury, you’ll have to balance waiting for the sun to be low enough for the skies to darken, but not waiting too long so that it sets. Don’t give up on Mercury, though- he’s worth the wait. Seeing Mercury is like the thrill of seeing a rare but hidden flower or bird.
Standing on planet Earth, third from the sun, we can skim past our own horizon, looking past our own atmosphere and see Venus and Mercury rushing in their trips around the sun. The inner solar system is very busy, and relatively close together and dense, just as when the solar system first formed. Most of the mass and heavy elements literally gravitated toward the middle. These inner planets are dense, fast and alone. No moons tag along to hinder the orbits of Mercury or Venus.
Further out, and seen later in the evening, are the giant planets Saturn and Jupiter, and even Mars. To see Saturn, you don’t have to wait too long after sunset. Look toward the east around 9pm and you’ll see the giant gas planet glowing near the constellation of Leo. Leo reminds me of a backwards question mark, but to see the whole constellation, you’ll have to wait up till midnight or so. As long as you’re up watching the skies, you might as well wait till morning, around 7am, when you can catch a glimpse of the last two planets of the night. Jupiter will be hanging low near the glow of sunrise, and planet Mars, dimly glowing, will be even closer to the horizon. But if you have a clear view of the east on your morning commute and catch a glimpse of these planets, you will have seen the entire visible solar system over the course of one night. What more could you ask for?
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
We have a somewhat rare opportunity to catch a glimpse of a planet that usually hides in the glow of the sun. Little planet Mercury should be visible in the western sunset glow until about the 7th of February. You’ll need a pretty flat western horizon and a little patience to see the diminutive and shy planet, but once you see him, you’ll never forget it.
Here’s why: as you look toward the west at sunset, you can see our entire inner solar system. Venus, shining brightly even a half hour after sunset, will be the first thing you notice. You can’t miss her; she is the brightest celestial object after the sun and moon. Venus dominates the sky after the sun goes down. She was named for the goddess of love and beauty, for the obvious reason of her glorious glow. She shines so brilliantly that she can be mistaken for man-made or even alien craft. If you watch her for a minute or two, you’ll notice her steady light. This is no plane or UFO, it's the brilliant evening "star."
Once you find Venus, you should look a little down and to the right to find Mercury. This planet was named for the fleet footed god of the Romans, Mercury. As the closest planet to the sun, his orbit is small and fast. He whips around the sun once every 88 days. But it’s not his speed that makes him hard to see, it’s the fact that the smallest of the planets is never very far from the sun. When you look for Mercury, you’ll have to balance waiting for the sun to be low enough for the skies to darken, but not waiting too long so that it sets. Don’t give up on Mercury, though- he’s worth the wait. Seeing Mercury is like the thrill of seeing a rare but hidden flower or bird.
Standing on planet Earth, third from the sun, we can skim past our own horizon, looking past our own atmosphere and see Venus and Mercury rushing in their trips around the sun. The inner solar system is very busy, and relatively close together and dense, just as when the solar system first formed. Most of the mass and heavy elements literally gravitated toward the middle. These inner planets are dense, fast and alone. No moons tag along to hinder the orbits of Mercury or Venus.
Further out, and seen later in the evening, are the giant planets Saturn and Jupiter, and even Mars. To see Saturn, you don’t have to wait too long after sunset. Look toward the east around 9pm and you’ll see the giant gas planet glowing near the constellation of Leo. Leo reminds me of a backwards question mark, but to see the whole constellation, you’ll have to wait up till midnight or so. As long as you’re up watching the skies, you might as well wait till morning, around 7am, when you can catch a glimpse of the last two planets of the night. Jupiter will be hanging low near the glow of sunrise, and planet Mars, dimly glowing, will be even closer to the horizon. But if you have a clear view of the east on your morning commute and catch a glimpse of these planets, you will have seen the entire visible solar system over the course of one night. What more could you ask for?
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, January 17, 2007
More Than Meets the Eye, Part II
1/21/07 – 1/27/07
by C. Zaitz
It’s hard to watch the birth of a star. Apparently stars like to form in private, shrouded by opaque clouds of gas and dust. When giant molecular clouds in space collapse from their own gravity, one outcome is a star with planets. Often, rather than planets, two or more stars form. Scientists wonder what causes one and not the other, but stars pull a self-made curtain around themselves during their birthing. With better telescopes, however, we’re beginning to see more. Over half the stars in the sky are multiple star systems. Here’s what we can see.
Sometimes we can detect a system of two stars, called binary stars, through spectroscopy. This is the study of the light we collect from them. Normally we can spread the light we collect from stars out into a spectrum so we can learn all manner of things about the star; its composition, perhaps its distance, speed and direction, and even how old it is. It’s amazing what a little starlight can do. But sometimes we notice that the spectrum from a star is odd. Part of it is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, and part toward the red. Shifting of spectra is a curious thing; it tells us that the star is both coming toward us and away from us. Impossible! Unless, perhaps, it’s not just one star, but two stars in orbit, with one coming toward us and one going away. In fact, this is how we discover many binary stars.
Sometimes we see stars dimming and brightening, apparently for no reason. However, as adults, we recognize that things usually have reasons, as bizarre as they may be. Sometimes when stars orbit each other, they happen to be in our line of sight such that they will eclipse each other. They are known as eclipsing binaries. One star, in the constellation Perseus, is a very famous eclipsing binary star. Algol is normally about 2.3 magnitude, easily seen with the naked eye, but every 10 hours or so it will dim about 68%. This is when its companion moves in front of our line of sight, Since the companion star is dimmer, the total amount of light we get from Algol lessens. Perhaps that’s why it is named in Arabic, “the ghoul.” Algol is often referred to as the winking eye of the demon.
If a star has several companions, it becomes a star system. A famous system of stars is the middle star in the handle of the Big Dipper. Just using your eyes, you can usually detect two stars instead of one. Mizar and Alcor are close, but not close enough to be a double star system. We call that a visual binary- they appear close in the sky, but are not that close physically. However, the brighter of the two, Mizar, is actually composed of two stars, Mizar A and Mizar B. Furthermore, Mizar A is composed of two stars, as is Mizar B, so we have a system of two sets of twins orbiting each other. Amazing. But you can’t see this with your eyes. It’s fun to look at Mizar and Alcor anyway and imagine the complicated gavotte those stars must be executing.
Look to the north to see the Big Dipper, and if your eye is caught by a shiny light in the west at sunset, don’t be alarmed. It’s only the eye-catching, attention hogging Venus, showing off in the fading twilight.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
It’s hard to watch the birth of a star. Apparently stars like to form in private, shrouded by opaque clouds of gas and dust. When giant molecular clouds in space collapse from their own gravity, one outcome is a star with planets. Often, rather than planets, two or more stars form. Scientists wonder what causes one and not the other, but stars pull a self-made curtain around themselves during their birthing. With better telescopes, however, we’re beginning to see more. Over half the stars in the sky are multiple star systems. Here’s what we can see.
Sometimes we can detect a system of two stars, called binary stars, through spectroscopy. This is the study of the light we collect from them. Normally we can spread the light we collect from stars out into a spectrum so we can learn all manner of things about the star; its composition, perhaps its distance, speed and direction, and even how old it is. It’s amazing what a little starlight can do. But sometimes we notice that the spectrum from a star is odd. Part of it is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, and part toward the red. Shifting of spectra is a curious thing; it tells us that the star is both coming toward us and away from us. Impossible! Unless, perhaps, it’s not just one star, but two stars in orbit, with one coming toward us and one going away. In fact, this is how we discover many binary stars.
Sometimes we see stars dimming and brightening, apparently for no reason. However, as adults, we recognize that things usually have reasons, as bizarre as they may be. Sometimes when stars orbit each other, they happen to be in our line of sight such that they will eclipse each other. They are known as eclipsing binaries. One star, in the constellation Perseus, is a very famous eclipsing binary star. Algol is normally about 2.3 magnitude, easily seen with the naked eye, but every 10 hours or so it will dim about 68%. This is when its companion moves in front of our line of sight, Since the companion star is dimmer, the total amount of light we get from Algol lessens. Perhaps that’s why it is named in Arabic, “the ghoul.” Algol is often referred to as the winking eye of the demon.
If a star has several companions, it becomes a star system. A famous system of stars is the middle star in the handle of the Big Dipper. Just using your eyes, you can usually detect two stars instead of one. Mizar and Alcor are close, but not close enough to be a double star system. We call that a visual binary- they appear close in the sky, but are not that close physically. However, the brighter of the two, Mizar, is actually composed of two stars, Mizar A and Mizar B. Furthermore, Mizar A is composed of two stars, as is Mizar B, so we have a system of two sets of twins orbiting each other. Amazing. But you can’t see this with your eyes. It’s fun to look at Mizar and Alcor anyway and imagine the complicated gavotte those stars must be executing.
Look to the north to see the Big Dipper, and if your eye is caught by a shiny light in the west at sunset, don’t be alarmed. It’s only the eye-catching, attention hogging Venus, showing off in the fading twilight.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
Wednesday, January 10, 2007
More Than Meets the Eye, Part I
1/14/07 – 1/20/07
by C. Zaitz
One of the more interesting facts about the night sky is that most of the stars you can see are not alone. Though they look like single points of light, there’s more than meets the naked eye. Some stars have companions that are too dim and small to see, and some have planets which are too dim and small to see. Either way, there is much more going on than we realize with those distant stars.
Our sun is one star that happens to sport planets. Planets are the result of a process that is not completely understood, so I will give you the short version, leaving out details in favor of getting the bigger picture.
A long, long time ago there was a cloud of gas and dust, the remnants of a star that once used to shine, but had long ago blown itself to bits and had created heavy elements in the process. This cloud was unimaginably huge, and all the little bits of it were moving in some direction. Eventually, the muddled bits tended to go in one direction in particular, flattened out, colliding and growing together under the force of gravity. Most of the bits came together in a great ball, which eventually became so massive that the inner bits were crushed and made to fuse, causing a chain reaction that produced prodigious amounts of energy. The sun was born.
Meanwhile, there was a still a great disk of gas and dust further out. The heavier stuff, like rocks and dirt and gold and silver, tended to be nearer the middle, forming the rocky inner planets. The lighter stuff, like hydrogen and helium and other wispy gases, collected further out in great blobs we call the gas giant planets. The little inner planets were heavy and cleaned up their orbits pretty well. Of the four planets, there are only three moons. Earth’s moon is the only respectable looking satellite, since Mars has two overgrown potatoes orbiting it.
Beyond Mars and the asteroids, things get more complicated. The four gassy planets developed rings and multiple moons. The rings are like millions of tiny, shattered ice moons. Some of the moons, and even some planets, have odd scars and orbits which indicate violent collisions, and possibly intense gravitational wars which have shaped the outer solar system. Recently, we have discovered a host of small bodies beyond Neptune which are now called dwarf planets. Pluto is of this realm, but more Pluto-like bodies are being discovered all the time.
As we look to other stars, we notice that a few hundred seem to have bodies orbiting them. These bodies are huge compared to our planets, but not big enough to be stars. Better telescopes will surely reveal smaller, more earth-like planets around stars. In fact, some astronomers estimate that nearly half the stars in the sky have planets. That’s a lot of planets. I wonder what those planets are like. Some are probably rocky and small like our earth. Will they house aliens? Will we someday meet Klingons? Or maybe the truth will be stranger than fiction. The exciting part is that someday we may be able to answer the question: are there aliens living on other planets. I hope the answer isn’t “no.” How dull!
Next week we will explore the strange multiple star systems that can also form instead of planets.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
by C. Zaitz
One of the more interesting facts about the night sky is that most of the stars you can see are not alone. Though they look like single points of light, there’s more than meets the naked eye. Some stars have companions that are too dim and small to see, and some have planets which are too dim and small to see. Either way, there is much more going on than we realize with those distant stars.
Our sun is one star that happens to sport planets. Planets are the result of a process that is not completely understood, so I will give you the short version, leaving out details in favor of getting the bigger picture.
A long, long time ago there was a cloud of gas and dust, the remnants of a star that once used to shine, but had long ago blown itself to bits and had created heavy elements in the process. This cloud was unimaginably huge, and all the little bits of it were moving in some direction. Eventually, the muddled bits tended to go in one direction in particular, flattened out, colliding and growing together under the force of gravity. Most of the bits came together in a great ball, which eventually became so massive that the inner bits were crushed and made to fuse, causing a chain reaction that produced prodigious amounts of energy. The sun was born.
Meanwhile, there was a still a great disk of gas and dust further out. The heavier stuff, like rocks and dirt and gold and silver, tended to be nearer the middle, forming the rocky inner planets. The lighter stuff, like hydrogen and helium and other wispy gases, collected further out in great blobs we call the gas giant planets. The little inner planets were heavy and cleaned up their orbits pretty well. Of the four planets, there are only three moons. Earth’s moon is the only respectable looking satellite, since Mars has two overgrown potatoes orbiting it.
Beyond Mars and the asteroids, things get more complicated. The four gassy planets developed rings and multiple moons. The rings are like millions of tiny, shattered ice moons. Some of the moons, and even some planets, have odd scars and orbits which indicate violent collisions, and possibly intense gravitational wars which have shaped the outer solar system. Recently, we have discovered a host of small bodies beyond Neptune which are now called dwarf planets. Pluto is of this realm, but more Pluto-like bodies are being discovered all the time.
As we look to other stars, we notice that a few hundred seem to have bodies orbiting them. These bodies are huge compared to our planets, but not big enough to be stars. Better telescopes will surely reveal smaller, more earth-like planets around stars. In fact, some astronomers estimate that nearly half the stars in the sky have planets. That’s a lot of planets. I wonder what those planets are like. Some are probably rocky and small like our earth. Will they house aliens? Will we someday meet Klingons? Or maybe the truth will be stranger than fiction. The exciting part is that someday we may be able to answer the question: are there aliens living on other planets. I hope the answer isn’t “no.” How dull!
Next week we will explore the strange multiple star systems that can also form instead of planets.
Until next week, my friends, enjoy the view.
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